The Life of Hannah Parker
(Wife of Richard Harrison Carter)
By Robert Givens (September, 2017)
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| Willis Keith Carter and the author |
Since February
2016, when I first met Willis Keith Carter and heard the story of his
grandfather, Franklin Fitzfield Carter, I have felt the story of the life of Franklin’s
mother, Hannah Parker and her family needed to be told. Family tradition, oral or written, especially
that dating back over 150 years needed to be verified. The family of Richard Harrison Carter and
Hannah Parker has always included some interesting twists and presented us with
many loose ends. Then in 2016 I became
aware of a new development in the story – Keith Carter’s DNA test results.
Keith has an
interesting place in the family as he is the last male “Carter” surnamed
descendant of Franklin Fitzfield Carter (the last known child of Hannah
Parker.) The striking thing about the
results of Keith’s autosomal DNA test was that instead of linking him to the
Carter family he was linked by DNA to the York family. At the insistence of others, he took a Y-DNA
test (which explores a man’s direct male ancestry) in 2016. The results of this test confirmed and
strengthened the prior test’s results as he had a perfect 100% match with Brad
York, a descendant of Franklin’s sister Mary Trueworthy Carter who had married
Aaron M. York.
Franklin Fitzfield
Carter’s story is interesting in its own right, and as it a part of Hannah
Parker’s story, it needs to be told.
Ironically Franklin appears, as a young man at least, to have not known
who his father was or his actual birth date.
As an orphan in 1852 he was taken across the plains from Kanesville to
Utah by a Martindale family. Mrs.
Martindale was abusive and treated Franklin more like a hired hand than a
child, causing Franklin to run away seeking his Carter family. He did this as a result of a chance meeting
with Brigham Young where he asked the Prophet what he should call himself
(Martindale or Carter). Brigham asked
him what he had always gone by and Franklin said Carter so Brigham said to keep
Carter as his name.
So with this back
story and a further tradition from early family members that his father was a
Mr. Enslow, now questioned thanks to Keith Carter’s DNA tests, it has come a
time to attempt to tell the story of Hannah Parker’s life. With what is known today there is no way to
give absolute definitive answers to all the questions of Hannah’s life but,
this writer, will attempt to provide all the known evidence and try to provide
alternative scenarios regarding Hannah’s life and relationships. Hopefully, if further sources can be found
the story will become clearer but for now we look through the glass somewhat darkly.
One last thought
is that this is a very sensitive story.
As Keith knows the thoughts that will be expressed here will upset some
people. This writer will attempt to be
careful in what is said but it has been over 150 years since the events
occurred and, if the real truth is ever going to be known, we do need to
address the issues and not turn our backs.
With this as a
background, we will turn to her life and especially her connections with
Richard Harrison Carter, Mr. York, Elzie Enslow and Cornelius Brown.
Hannah Parker’s Early Life and First
Marriage
Hannah Parker was
born in York County, Maine on 24 June 1822 to Samuel Parker and his second
wife, Molly (Mary) Bracey Trueworthy.
Samuel Parker was an early convert to the LDS Church in Maine. Hannah’s mother died in Quincy, Illinois in
1839. Her father would live to die in
Council Bluffs, Iowa in 1846.
Unfortunately, nothing else is known about her life prior to 1840.
On 29 Nov 1840 in
Lima, Adams, Illinois, Hannah Parker married Richard Harrison Carter, the
youngest surviving son of John Carter and Hannah Knight Libby. The Carters had left Maine in two
groups. The main group was the older children
who had joined the Church in 1834 and left Maine for Kirtland and later to Far
West, Missiouri. John Carter, who never
joined the Church, Hannah and their two children who remained at home, Richard
and Mary Jane, moved to central Missouri in 1839 and in 1840 to Morleyville,
Illinois.
At this point, little is known about this young
couple. Since there are no property
transactions in Hancock County or Adams County for a Richard Carter, it must be
assumed that they probably lived with family.
They might have lived with Hannah’s father or possibly John Carter. John and Hannah Carter were at about the age
of 60 at this time and Richard was the last of their children to live at
home. It would be logical that Richard
would live with them to help run the farm.
If the place of birth for their children is accurate
they were possibly in Hancock County when their first child, Mary Trueworthy
Carter was born 23 Sep 1841. There is some discrepancy with the births of
Mary Trueworthy Carter and the next sibling, Samuel Parker Carter, as family
tradition and his death certificate give his birth as 10 Feb 1842 which is too
soon after Mary’s birth to be accurate.
Family tradition gives Samuel’s birth place as Lima, Adams, Illinois
which is the home of Alvira Carter Tripp, Richard’s sister. It is possible that they had moved down there
to live with her family. Richard’s last
know child was supposed to be born in Lima – Angelia Carter who was born about
1845. The only evidence for this child
is in the writing of Franklin Fitzfield Carter’s family record book. She supposedly died between 1846 and 1848 in
Mount Pisgah, Union, Iowa. More will be
mentioned about her later.
The Richard Harrison Carter and his wife Hannah Parker
Carter were the last of the Carter clan to take out their endowments in the
Nauvoo Temple. The attended the temple
to receive their endowments on 7 Feb 1846.
The evacuation of Nauvoo was in process having actually begun 3 days
before Richard and Hannah attended the temple. Since there is no record of
their being sealed together in the Nauvoo Temple after 7 Feb 1846 it must be
assumed that they left Nauvoo shortly after that date.
There are no definitive records of Richard and
Hannah’s crossing of Iowa in 1846.
Regardless of when they left – early February or later – the journey was
arduous at best. Early companies had to
deal with the winter snow and later groups fought the mud as the snow
melted. This journey for poorly
provisioned people made the trip much harder than it had to be but the option
of staying in Nauvoo to face the mobs wasn’t really an option.
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| Mormons Crossing the Frozen Mississippi |
The following is a description of the vanguard company’s crossing of
Iowa. The first to cross the Mississippi
River was Charles Shumway who ferried across on February 4. For three weeks the temperatures dropped
causing the Saints to dodge ice chunks as they crossed the river. On February 25 Charles C. Rich actually
crossed the river on foot and so for a time the wagons were driven directly
over the frozen river. The travelers
camped along Sugar Creek some 7 miles west of the Mississippi. Here Brigham
organized the people into groups and developed camp rules. Following a path blazed by a vanguard
company, the main body of the “Camp of Israel” left Sugar Creek on March 1,
1846. For this first group the trip had
to be difficult. It was winter, and they
had to travel over snow covered ground.
They took a southerly route at first – skirting the border with Missouri
where there were more settlers that they could obtain need for themselves and
their animals. They stopped near
Richarson’s Point for 11 days so the men could work for money and
provisions. They initially wanted to
cross the Missouri River above St. Joseph, Missouri and join the Oregon Trail
to the west of there. This was a time of
great suffering by all. March snow,
cold, rain, and awful mud made the trek miserable and exhausting. When they left Chariton Camp on April 1st,
they exited Iowa’s last organized county and moved into what could be called
wilderness but still followed rudimentary roads. They made slow progress, being
hampered by rain and mud. It was during
this time that William Clayton penned the song “All is Well” following the
birth of his son. Shortly after April
15, the leaders changed the route to the northwest and headed across this
wilderness part of Iowa for Kanesville (known today as Council Bluffs.) Along the way groups were left to form small
communities with farms that would feed those that followed. Garden Grove and Mount Pisgah are good
examples of these way points along the trail. On June 14, the camp reached the
Council Bluffs area on the Missouri River, and the first portion of the march
was nearly over. The vanguard party had taken 130 days, over 4 months, to cross
some 265 miles of southern Iowa, averaging only about 2 miles per day. Here on
both sides of the Missouri River, especially in present Nebraska at Winter
Quarters, the Mormons spent the winter of 1846-47. (The Pioneer Trek from Nauvoo to Winter
Quarters by William G. Hartley (Ensign Magazine, June, 1997) See:
https://www.lds.org/ensign/1997/06/the-pioneer-trek-nauvoo-to-winterquarters?lang=eng)
We know for a fact that Richard and Hannah had reached
Council Bluffs by July 1 and were living in the Grand Encampment, where all the
newly arrived Saints were first settled as they arrived at the Missouri
River. As the Saints had been crossing
Iowa other events were beginning to envelop the United States in a war. Following the 1845 annexation of Texas by the
United States, tensions with Mexico grew until on April 26, 1846 fighting broke
out between the U.S. and Mexico. On May
13th war was officially declared. At this time the Mormon refugees were in the
midst of crossing Iowa. While crossing
Iowa Brigham Young and the rest of the Quorum of the Twelve had petitioned
President Polk seeking assistance from the Federal Government. On June 2nd President Polk authorized Col.
Stephen W. Kearney to recruit a few hundred Mormons to help in the war but to
also “to conciliate them, attach them to our country, and prevent them from
taking part against us.” (Polk, James K. (1929), Nevins, Allan, ed., Polk: The
Diary of a President, 1845–1849, London and New York: Longmans, Green &
Co., p. 109) This was a symbiotic relationship as Church benefitted greatly
from the financial benefits they received from this arrangement. Young and the other leaders saw nothing but
good coming from this arrangement. Their
enlistment would be a public relations victory for the church, demonstrating
additional evidence of its loyalty to the United States. (McLynn, Frank. Wagons
West: The Epic Story of America's Overland Trails. Grove Press. pp. 386–7.) As
the men were given a uniform allowance at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., of US $42
each, paid in advance, for their one-year enlistment and as they were allowed
to wear their civilian clothing for the march, the bulk of those funds were
immediately donated to a general Church fund. These funds were used to purchase
wagons, teams, and other necessities for the American exodus (Actual wages paid
over the next year to the Mormon Battalion totaled nearly $30,000). ("The
Pioneer Story: Pioneer Trail Map", LDS.org, archived from the original on
March 5, 2012.)
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| The Mormon Battalion Ball (by C. C. Christensen) |
The stage is now set for the defining moment in the story of the
family of Richard and Hannah Carter.
They were in the area when Captain James Allen met with Brigham and the
other Church leaders and put forth his proposal for 5 companies of 100
men. Though Brigham was thrilled with
this prospect as noted above, the general populace of the Grand Encampment was
not. Richard Carter was one of the early
volunteers as he was enrolled in Company B (the second 100). Brigham was assured by Captain Allen that the
Battalion would see no battle action but would instead fill a supporting
role. Thus, Richard would not face many
more dangers than the Saints as a whole endured in their travels. As the day of mustering (July 16th)
approached they held a farewell dance in the Bowery at the west end of the
Grand Encampment. The Carter family
probably attended with heavy hearts. On
the 16th Richard said his good-byes and marched off to his destiny.
Twenty members of the Mormon Battalion died during the
march. All died from diseases or
accidents - as the Battalion never had
to engage in any military actions. The
2000-mile trek from Council Bluffs to San Diego was arduous and three different
sick detachments were sent back to Pueblo, Colorado and then back to Council
Bluffs. Richard was a member of
Lieutenant Willis's Pueblo detachment. He died 25 Nov 1846 as the detachment
was traveling north along the Rio Grande.
No grave marker memorializes his last resting space though it is
reported he was buried at Puerbelo, four miles south of Socorro, New Mexico
along the Rio Grande River. (A fuller
account of this time period can be found at:
https://johnandhannahcarter.blogspot.com/2017/04/hannah-knight-libby-part-24-carterville.html)
Hannah was now in a precarious position. She was living on the very edge of
civilization with no husband to care for her and her children. In fact, life
for the Mormons on the banks of the Missouri River in 1846 was difficult at
best. The whole community was in
survival mode. Most had come with next
to nothing in the way of supplies. They
had to build a society that had to function self-sufficiently from
scratch. Few today can really appreciate
the difficulties they had to live with on a daily basis. Under these circumstances it would be one
thing to be cared for by the community while your husband was gone with the
Mormon Battalion, but being a widow with no one ever coming home to care for
you made Hannah’s situation more daunting.
When her father, Samuel Parker, died only a month later on 29 Dec 1846
in Council Bluffs, relief for her would not be coming from her family. This left the Carter family to tend to her
needs.
The time period from Richard’s death until Hannah’s in
1852 is largely a blank to those of us in the 21st century. The total of our knowledge about her life
from this point on using the traditions that have been passed on could be
written in one paragraph. The tradition
was that after Richard died Hannah married a Mr. Enslow and had a child,
Franklin Fitzfield Carter. She then died
in either 1848 or 1852 in Council Bluffs.
That was all that has been passed down to the present day. With more information available to us today
it is now time to try to fill in the blanks of Hannah’s life.
(To be continued)
